Terrorism
In its many manifestations, terrorism is one of the nightmares of modern civilization, for its irrationality component, amplitude of its consequences and failure prevention. His motivation varies from genuine political conviction personal statement craving, but the result is always death, mutilation and destruction.
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against political regimes, people or people to achieve a political, ideological or religious purpose. In the past, terrorist actions were carried out by political organizations with right-wing ideologies or left, ethnic, nationalist or revolutionary and by the armies and secret police of certain governments. Later, these groups were added to the supporters of fundamentalist religious sects.
Roman Emperors as Tiberius used the ban, expropriation of property and execution as a means of discouraging the opposition to his government. The Spanish Inquisition took advantage of arbitrary arrest, torture and execution to punish what he considered religious heresy. The use of terror was openly advocated by Robespierre as a way to encourage the revolutionary virtue during the French Revolution, which led the time that had the policy area to be called reign of terror. After the American Civil War, unreconstructed Southerners created the terrorist organization Ku Klux Klan to intimidate blacks and the reconstruction of supporters.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, terrorism was adopted as a political practice by anarchists of Western Europe, Russia and the United States, on the assumption that the best way to achieve social change and revolutionary politics was murdering people in positions of power. From 1865 to 1905, many kings, presidents, prime ministers and other government officials were killed by bullets or bombs of the anarchists.
In the twentieth century, there were major changes in the use and practice of terrorism, which has become a feature of political movements of all kinds, from the extreme right to the most radical left. Precise instruments, such as automatic weapons and explosives detonated remotely by electrical or electronic devices gave terrorists a new mobility and become more lethal their actions. Terrorism was adopted as virtual state policy, though not officially recognized by totalitarian regimessuch as Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union. In these countries, prison methods, torture and execution were applied without restriction or legal grounds, to create a climate of fear and encourage adherence to the national ideology and the social, economic and political regime.
Terrorism was identified more commonly, however, with people or groups who have tried to destabilize or overthrow existing political institutions. It was used by one or both sides in anti-colonial conflicts (between Ireland and the United Kingdom, Algeria and France, Vietnam and France and then Vietnam and the United States, for example); in disputes between different national groups over the ownership dispute of a country (Palestinians and Israel) in conflicts between different religious faiths (Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland);in internal conflicts between revolutionary forces and established governments (Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Iran, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Argentina); and separatist conflicts (Basques in Spain, Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chechens in Russia).
Often, terror victims are citizens chosen at random or just inadvertently found in the place where there is a terrorist action. Many terrorist groups in contemporary Europe resemble anarchist of the nineteenth century in their isolation from mainstream policies and unrealistic nature of their goals. Without popular support, replace legitimate political activities by violent action, such as kidnapping, hijacking, killing of civilians and bombings in public places.
Organizations such as the Baader-Meinhoff (Germany), the Red Army (Japan), the Red Brigades (Italy), al-Fatah (Middle East), Shining Path (Peru) and ETA (Spain) have become some of the more known terrorist groups of the second half of the twentieth century. His motivation was political and its performance was more intense from the 1970s In the 1990s, a new form of terrorism emerged even greater impact - mass terrorism, with apparently religiously motivated or fanatical nature policy.
Technological advances and the dissemination of technical knowledge enable achievement of terrorist acts with the use of chemical, bacteriological or biological weapons, which can spread death or contamination of mass diseases in major urban centers of any country. Ideological reasons apparently given rise to religious fanaticism, especially the messianic leaders of followers who disclose or apocalyptic ideas Salvationists radicals.
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Category: General history
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