Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
With Charles X France restored the old regime, with the support of the more conservative faction, the followers of the "legitimacy", redeploying the absolutism and restoring the privileges of the clergy and nobility. Charles X suffered increasing opposition from liberals (led by Duke Luis Felipe) and the media (especially the newspaper "The National"), which mobilized society, creating revolutionary conditions that would explode in 1830.
The Liberal Revolution of 1830
The political activism of the liberals against the absolutist reaction culminated in July 1830 with the "Glorious Days", raised barricades in the streets of Paris, who overthrew the Bourbons to the French throne. The Revolution, stimulated and led by the French haute bourgeoisie, resulted in the escape of Charles X, fearful of revolutionary developments similar to those of 1789, which had resulted in the decapitation of his brother Louis XVI.
The Liberal Revolution of 1830, also called the July Days, stanched the reactionary breakthrough started with the Congress of Vienna of 1815. The rebound was strong in Europe and reached a certain way also Brazil.Here, since 1824, D. Pedro I had imposed an absolutist government based on the Constitution granted in 1824. The European liberal revival that culminated in the Revolution of 1830, he was in Brazil as a representative journalist Libero Badaro, killed in November 1830 by supporters Pedro I. This event, added to the liberal winds of Europe, led to the " Night of potions " of 1831, Brazilians confrontation with supporters of the Emperor, which led to the abdication of King Peter, April 7, 1831.
The liberal revolutions of 1830 and 1848 had its epicenter in France. To spread into Europe, however, they were characterized by nationalism. People with the same culture, ethnicity and language clamored against the sharing of the Congress of Vienna. (Table Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People.)
Power was occupied by Louis Philippe, known as the "bourgeois King" or "King of the barricades," a representative of a liberal breakthrough that reverberated throughout Europe because drove the enthusiasm of nations affected by the measures of the Vienna Congress: Belgium proclaimed its independence from the Netherlands, and Germany, Italy and Poland started the national struggle against foreign domination.
The Revolution of 1830 finally buried the restorative reaction of the Congress of Vienna, prompting a wave of progressivism and revolutionary impetus, which would culminate in the 1848 Revolution and various nationalist movements of the period.
In France, Louis Philippe reviewed the Constitution of the Bourbons, strengthening liberal points, as their submission to the Constitution, which strengthened the legislative; abolished the censorship and the official nature of the Catholic religion, while maintaining the census requirement to elect or be elected to a legislative office.
Luis Felipe exclusively served the interests of the bourgeoisie, ignoring the working class, which has enabled the political and social unrest, widespread opposition.
Opponents of Luis Felipe organized popular meetings of demonstrations against the "bourgeois king" of banquets policy dubbed - reference to political meetings in restaurants condemning the regime. After more than 60 of those meetings, when the minister Guizot decided to ban them in February 1848, widespread discontent exploded, beginning theRevolution of 1848 .
Government opponents - socialists, Bonapartist and Republican - united against Louis Philippe, demanding electoral reform and parliamentary. They demanded the fall of the census requirement, allowing the vote to all who pay up to 100 annual tax francs. The king and his minister Guizot did not give the reformist pressures. Popular demonstrations, clashes and rebellion of the National Guard led to the resignation of Guizot and Luis Felipe escape to England. It was the February 1848 Revolution in France, the epicenter of explosions around the world, reflecting the passionate spirit of the masses profound changes.
The 1848 Revolution and the Second French Republic
With the overthrow of Louis Philippe, was proclaimed the Second Republic in France (the first was from 1792 to 1804), and the masses, with its various political currents, organized a provisional government , with the task of convening a Constituent Assembly draw up a new constitution for the country. Theliberal Lamartine got the presidency of the provisional government, which also participated moderate journalist Ledru-Rollin, the socialist writer Louis Blanc and the worker Albert.
Among the first measures of the new government, they stood out the end of the death penalty and the establishment of universal suffrage in elections, while surfaced conflicts between labor leaders and the bourgeois. Socialists pressed for government measures to guarantee work, right to strike and limitation of working hours. Obtained the creation of the " National Workshops ", jobs for the unemployed in landfills, factories and government buildings, printing a policy goal the creation of a social republic. In contrast, the liberal-moderate, representatives of large landowners and bourgeois of France, sought tobar the popular nature of measures, fearing that desembocassem a radical government as the hillside 1793.
In April 1848, in the elections of the Constituent Assembly, the moderates came up victorious, getting a majority of seats, thanks mainly to the performance of the landowners, radicalizing the political polarization between socialists and bourgeois. Popular multiplied their street demonstrations, mobbing Paris.Under the command of General Carvaignac , the government massacred the rebels (Carvaignac Massacre ), suspended individual rights, closed the "National Workshops", turning the revolution into a civil war: more than 3,000 people were shot and 15,000 were deported to colonies. Carvaignac, known as "the butcher", assured the victory of the bourgeoisie, assuming the government until November, when the new Republican Constitution was adopted. According to this constitution, the legislature would be up to an assembly elected by universal suffrage for three years, and the executive would be in charge of a President elected for 4 years.
The December 10, 1848, the French elected their president - Louis Bonaparte, nephew of the emperor Napoleon I and therefore charismatic figure, in which it saw the possibility of glory restoration experienced by the country at the time of Napoleon.
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