Rome and Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
The Myth of the foundation of Rome
Legend has it that Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus , twin sons of the god Mars and mortal Rea Silvia. At birth, the two brothers were abandoned by the Tiber river and saved by a she-wolf who suckled them and protected them. Finally, a pastor the collected and gave them the names of Romulus and Remus. After killing Remus in an argument, Romulus gave his name to the city. The story, in turn, tells us that some tribes of sabina and Latin origin established a settlement on the Capitoline hill, next to the Tiber River.
The monarchy
A legendary period, Rome was ruled by seven kings who had absolute power. The Senate, formed by heads of household, the advised.Around 575 BC, the Etruscan kings ruled Rome and decisively influenced the early Roman civilization. Dictated prudent laws in favor of crafts and trade, with which Rome acquired great importance. Gradually, however, these kings gave way to other monarchs, violent and tyrannical, who despised the views of the Senate.
Patricians and plebeians
Free citizens were divided into patricians and plebeians. The patricians were the descendants of the families of old tribal chiefs.At the beginning of the Republic, they were the ruling class. As for the commoners had no aristocratic lineage and had no political rights.In the third century BC, after the war, there were new social strata: knights or young men (commoners enriched in trade) and customers (dependent of the patricians). From there, the social organization is no longer established at birth function, but wealth.
The Republic and its judges
The patrician families who formed the Senate, afraid of losing their power from the tyranny of kings, drove them out and proclaimed the Republic. This was based on three bodies: the Senate, the magistrates and the Assemblies, symbolized by known acronym SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanus, or "the Senate and Roman People").
The work of slaves
As a result of the expansion of war, slaves in Rome were very numerous. They were not considered human beings, but properties and therefore were exploited and sold as commodities. His work, crafts and agriculture, was instrumental in the production of goods necessary for society. They could buy their freedom or else be released by the owner.From the second century BC, followed up several slave rebellions, as commanded by Spartacus.
The Roman army
The Roman Empire depended on a strong and well organized army, which carried out the expansion campaigns and defended the borders. The legionnaires were the basis of the Roman army; most of them were volunteers.To enter the army was indispensable to be a Roman citizen. The army was structured in six thousand soldiers legions, each divided into ten sections.
Roman religion
Roman religion was formed by combining several services and various influences.Beliefs Etruscan, Greek and Oriental were incorporated into traditional customs to adapt them to the new needs of the people. The Roman state propagated an official religion that worshiped the great gods of Greek origin, but with Latin names, such as Jupiter, father of the gods; Mars, god of war, or Minerva, goddess art. In honor of these gods parties were held, games and other ceremonies.Citizens, in turn, sought protection in domestic spirits, called homes, who yielded worship in the house. Constantine the Milan Edict of established freedom of worship to Christians, ending the violent persecution. In the fourth century, Christianity became the official religion, by determination of the Emperor Theodosius.
Roman art
Inspired by the Greek model, Roman art incorporated the forms and techniques of other cultures of the Mediterranean.
Rome excelled in architecture with large public and private buildings. Among the private, include houses and collective dwellings. Public divided into religious (temples), administrative and commercial (basilicas) and playful (theater, amphitheater and circus). The practical spirit of Rome is reflected in urban and major engineering works such as roads and aqueducts.
Rome excelled in architecture with large public and private buildings. Among the private, include houses and collective dwellings. Public divided into religious (temples), administrative and commercial (basilicas) and playful (theater, amphitheater and circus). The practical spirit of Rome is reflected in urban and major engineering works such as roads and aqueducts.
The city of Rome in the first century BC
In the first century BC, Rome underwent a spectacular transformation, becoming a city full of comforts, with commercial houses, gardens and monumental buildings. They were built numerous homes and places of entertainment - such as the Colosseum - and have made great improvements in the sewer system and the city's aqueducts.
The crisis of the Roman Empire
From the third century, the Roman Empire went into decline. With the end of the wars of conquest, ran out the main source supplier of slaves. We began the slavery crisis seriously shook the economy, gave rise to the settlement and caused the urban exodus. Moreover, there were power struggles and the legions declined.Weakened, the Roman Empire was divided into two and the western part succumbed to the invasions of
Germanic barbarians in the fifth century
Germanic barbarians in the fifth century
Ancient Greece
History of Greece
The Greek communities throughout antiquity, kept two constant characteristics: a fierce determination and a constant state of war between themselves ...
The ancient Greeks never formed in any period of its history a nation in the modern political sense: their independent communities never organized in a unified way. The Greeks identified themselves, however with each other culturally therefore speak the same language and the same loved gods, although with local variations in both cases.
Historiography
The Greek historiagrafia begins in the second half of the century-VI with logographers, of which the most illustrious was Hecateus of Miletus (-550 / -475), and many authors of "local stories" genre that lasted throughout ancient history.
Herodotos (-484 / -425), traditionally called the father of history, wrote about the history and events of the Greco-Persian wars and made detailed account of the regions visited. It was more of a "storyteller" than a true historian, and only with Thucydides ateninense (-455 / -400) really begins to modern historiography.
Thucydides was strictly a "local historian" because only wrote about the Peloponnesian War (Athens vs. Sparta), but his acute analysis of the factors and events related to the war are respected to this day.
Succeeded in the shortest span of historians such as Xenophon (-428 / -354), Ctesias (century. -IV), Ephors (century. -IV), Teopompos (century. -IV), Timaios (-346 / -250) .
Polybius (-200 / -118) was the last of the great Greek historians, but wrote about the history of Rome; after him came Dionysus of Halicarnassus (century. -I / I) Diodoros Siculo (century. -I), who wrote a "History of the World" centered in Rome and arrianos (95/175).
Many non-Greek historians wrote stories of Rome and of other people in Greek: Dion Cassios (150/235), Flavian Josephus (37/100) Apianos (second century.), Herodian (165/250) and the Christian bishop Eusebius (265/340), who also wrote a "universal history."
The Biography
The biography, akin to historiography, was not very cultivated by the Greeks. Although HERODOTOS historians, Thucydides and Xenophon present in his writings some correlative passages style, only with Plutarcos (46/120) and Diogenes Laertios (200/250) gender ourselves.
The Dark Ages
With the destruction of the last Mycenaean palaces in -1100 and the breakdown of the social system controlled and maintained by them, he disappeared bright and sophisticated Greek culture of the Bronze Age.
Communities decreased, impoverished, isolated, and trade were reduced to almost nothing. It became extinct virtually constant contact between the Greeks and the early cultures of West Asia.
So fast and intense was the decline of the Mycenaean world that the Greeks of later times did not remember the splendor of the Bronze Age to not be vague and imprecise manner, as a time of gods, heroes and legends.
After nearly two years of cultural stagnation, however, communities began again to grow and organize into cities. The first Community temples were then constructed, using the ironhas become increasingly common in food production and the continent population increased so much that initiated a continuous movement and migration of new cities beyond- foundation sea .
There are surprisingly few Mycenaean standards in the few works of art produced after -900, which means that not all the knowledge acquired by the Greeks during the Bronze Age had been lost. As well Finley said, "Unless a life is destroyed in a region, there is always some kind of continuity."
And the Dark Ages was certainly a period of transition. It can be said that almost all political, social and artistic processes that have developed in the Archaic period and peaked during the Classic period began during those centuries not completely obscure ...
Greek science
Most ancient people (Egyptians, Chinese, Hindu, Mesopotamian and even the Greeks) has had since the Stone Age, a huge store of practical and effective knowledge acquired empirically through fairly accurate observations. But it was only around -600, Greece, the pre-Socratic philosophers gave the first impulse toward scientific thinking.
For a long time the Greek intellectuals did not clearly distinguish the science of philosophy, and even the philosopher Aristotle (-384 / -322), who exerted enormous influence on Western philosophical and scientific thought during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, never resorted to experimentation to consolidate its detailed observations.
Only two subjects began the long process of separation of philosophy during antiquity, Medicine and Physics. In the centuries -IV and -V Medicine consolidated the main principles that guide physicians today, and Mathematics and Physics Mechanics received great impetus to the work of mathematician, astronomer and inventor Archimedes (-287 / -212), which in addition of great theoretician was an ingenious inventor and his studies sometimes resorted to experiments.
The other sciences continued linked to the philosophy in greater or lesser degree throughout antiquity, and beyond. Science, as we know it , began only 400 years, in full Renaissance. And the physical and Italian astronomer Galileo Galei (1564/1642) who established, despite the persecutions of the Inquisition, the principle of experimentation and mathematical enunciation of the results of experiments as the fundamental pillars of scientific knowledge.
other Sciences
Biology
The Greeks were concerned primarily with the origin of living things and the zoology and botany descriptive. The most important biologists were Anaximandros (-610 / -547), Aristotle (-384 / -322) and his disciple Teofrastos (-371 / 287).
Mathematics
The geometry and calculus especially attracted the ancient Greeks. The most important mathematicians were Pythagoras (century. -VI), Hippocrates of Chios (century. -V), Euclid (century. -IV / -III), Archimedes (-287 / -212), Eratosthenes (-276 / -195 ) and Apolônios Perga (-II century).
Physical
Aside from speculation about the origin of the world, the Greeks developed more physical practice than the theoretical. Archimedes (-287 / -212), Ctesíbios (century. -III) And Heron (century. I) became famous because of his mechanical inventions, equipment and scientific instruments built. Other notable physicists were medical Empedocles (-492 / -432) and Claudius Ptolemy (100/170).
Chemistry
In chemistry, out use of plants to treat diseases, we highlight only Demócritos (460 / century. IV) and Leucipos (century. V), with the atomic theory, and mineralogical studies of Teofrastos
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Category: General history
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