Marxist theory - Marxism
It was the German state, busy and full of problems, which was born Marxism . This theory is not designed only by Karl Marx (1818 - 1883), he had an ideological and financial support of Friedrich Engels (1820-1895).
They wrote together the Communist Manifesto(1848) and The German Ideology. Some of Marx's works were: The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, and the most important was the Capital. Already Engels wrote Anti-Dühring, Dialectics of Nature, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State and others.
They formulated their thinking based on the social reality of his time, which was a major technical advancement and increased control of nature by man but on the other hand, the working class suffered more oppression and became increasingly poor. His doctrine came from the study of English economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo and philosophy of Hegel.
This doctrine consists of a scientific theory, historical materialism, and a philosophical theory, dialectical materialism. According to materialism, the material world is prior to the spirit and this derives from that. Marx calls the infrastructure the material structure of society, its economic base, which consists of the ways in which men produce the goods needed for life.
The superstructure corresponds to the legal-political and ideological framework structure.The position of Marxism is that the infrastructure determines the superstructure, but to be aware of the contradictions, man can actively act on what determines it.Manifestations of the superstructure shall be determined by changes in the infrastructure deriving from economic transition from feudal to capitalist. The dialectical movement of history is made by a motor, which is the class struggle. This fight is because the classes have antagonistic interests. In the capitalist mode of production this antagonistic relationship is because the capitalist has the capital and the worker does not have anything, having to sell their labor power.
From that point, Marx formulates one of his best-known concepts that is the added value.This surplus value is conceived when the worker sells to the capitalist his labor force by an amount stipulated in a contract. It turns out that it produces more than expected, and as he gets time available within the company it produces a surplus that is the added value.This added value is not shared with the worker and is in the hands of the capitalist who accumulates capital. The added value is therefore the value that the employee creates beyond its workforce and is appropriated by the capitalist.
Another concept that builds Marx is the alienation. The worker when selling your workforce becomes stranger to product conceived. This loss product causes further loss for the worker, as the separation of design and execution of work, and with technological advances, it is subject to the pace of the assembly line, having no control over your normal rhythm of work. So that the employee does not revolt, capitalism uses ideology to introduce mechanisms in people's minds, so that they conform with the situation of inequality.
Socialism
For Karl Marx, the working class, organized in a revolutionary party must destroy the bourgeois state and organize a new state able to end private property in the means of production.This new state, which he calls the dictatorship of the proletariat, must settle the bourgeoisie worldwide. This first phase is called socialism , it needs a bureaucratic state apparatus, a repressive apparatus and legal apparatus. It is in this phase that will give the fight against the old ruling class, to avoid the counter-revolution. The principle of socialism is: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his work."
The second phase is called communism , and is defined by the end of the class struggle and hence the end of the state. There would be a prodigious development of productive forces, which would lead to an era of abundance, the end of the division of labor material and intellectual work, and the lack of contrast between town and country and between industry and agriculture. The principle of communism is: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs." With the transition to communism, class struggle would no longer be between dominant and dominated, but between progressive forces and conservative forces.
contemporary Marxist currents and the application of the Marxist method
Lenin (1870 - 1924) , theoretician of Marxism, whose real name was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, was also a revolutionary. When the Socialist Revolutionaries, led by Mensheviks, overthrew the tsarist government in March 1917, Lenin was in exile in Switzerland. Returning to Russia, he led a faction of the Bolsheviks, who seized power in October of that year. Its purpose was to restore the true conception of Marx and Engels, distorted by the Second International (1889 - 1914), from which German and French supported the imperialist war of 1914.
He also broke with the German theorist Kautsky, accusing him of opportunism and adopt non-revolutionary positions, and print positivist and not dialectical Marxist thought interpretations. It proposed to break the bourgeois state by violence and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and was against the anarchists who thought necessary to abolish the State immediately. Under his leadership, Russia became the Soviet Union, which ended private ownership, has planned the economy, made agrarian reform, nationalized banks and factories.
Leon Trotsky (1879 - 1940) was a companion of Lenin in 1917 struggles, and advocated permanent revolution, which means the extension of the class struggle at national and international level, which will generate the internal civil war and foreign Revolutionary War. Trotsky was very haunted by his greatest enemy, Stalin and fled to Mexico, where he was murdered by a Stalinist.
Joseph Stalin (1879 - 1953) , was the successor of Lenin in power in the USSR and strengthened the state to the point of turning it into a totalitarian regime. Printed socialism a strong nationalist character, strengthened the police and army and developed the cult of personality. He was less concerned with the theory and more with the formulation of maximum action. After his death, Khrushchev took power and promoted the de - Stalinization process.
Rosa Luxemburg (1871 - 1919) , a native of Poland, helped in the formation of Espartaquinista League and founded the German Communist Party. He defended the thesis of the spontaneity of the masses and criticized the single party, whose consequence is the dictatorial rule of a minority. Severely warned about the dangers of bureaucracy, which could lead to the suppression of democracy.
Antonio Gramsci (1891 - 1937) was one of the most important Italian theorists, imprisoned for fourteen years by the fascist dictatorship. Even in prison, where he stayed until the death, he wrote a lot, emphasizing the critical dogmatism of official Marxism, which to petrify the theory, prevented revolutionary practice.
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