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The expansionist ambitions of Portugal and Spain in the fifteenth century brought the threat of a war that was avoided by the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas, the first international agreement defined by diplomatic channels. Endorsed by the Catholic Church, the treaty was rejected by other countries.
The Treaty of Tordesillas established that would be of Portugal owned the lands discovered and to discover located east of a meridian, pole stroke to pole, 370 leagues from the Cape Verde islands, while the lands to the west of this meridian would belong to Spain .The same applied to the conquered lands to people not Christians and those yet to conquer.The agreement was signed on June 7, 1494 in the Spanish city of Arévalo, province of Tordesillas, between the king of Portugal, John II and the Catholic Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand of Castile and Aragon. He represented the official end of a long series of disputes, negotiations and papal bulls regarding the possession of the new lands.The meridian of Tordesillas, however, never was in fact demarcated and motivated several border disputes.
Background to Tratato of Tordesillas
During the fifteenth century, driven by the growing need for business expansion and technological development, Portuguese and Spanish navigators embarked on the adventure of discovering new land and sea routes.
Portugal received from Rome several important concessions relating to discoveries.Thus, in 1454, Pope Nicholas V, at the request of the Portuguese crown granted to the king and his successors the possession of the African coast and islands of the seas adjacent.The Treaty of Toledo signed in 1480 by the kings of Castile and Alfonso V, king of Portugal, and his son, John, determined that belonged to Castile and the Canary Islands, Portugal, Guinea and the islands found or find south of the Canaries. Based on this agreement and the papal bulls, John II claimed ownership of the land discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
The Catholic Kings, unhappy with the privileges of Portugal, appealed to the pope to secure their rights on the newly discovered lands by Spanish ships. The bull of May 4, 1493, one month after the arrival of Columbus to Barcelona, Pope Alexander VI - Spanish Valencia and inclined to favor the sovereign of Castile - granted to Spain the possession of the new lands. The determined label that would be of Castile discovered the islands and to discover to the west of a meridian "situated a hundred leagues from the Azores Islands and Cape Verde." Thus, annulled to the previous concessions to Portugal.
Lost maritime monopoly, John II attempted to secure a more convenient territorial distribution to their interests. To establish direct negotiations, sent ambassadors to the kings of Castile. Started in the town of Tordesillas, the talks were conducted by the Spanish Ferrer of Blanes and the Portuguese Duarte Pacheco Pereira. Was finally signed the agreement by which the Catholic Monarchs renounced provided by the bull of Alexander VI and accepted a new proposal: the shift to western meridian line, which would "370 leagues from Cape Verde, between 48 and 49 west Greenwich ". Ratified in 1506 by Pope Julius II, by application of the King of Portugal Manuel I, the Treaty of Tordesillas was in force until 1750, when it was repealed by the Treaty of Madrid.
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