Italian unification
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the bourgeois ideals of liberalism ,imperialism and nationalism became the political axis of development of major states.Expressing the nationalist force, Italy, simple "geographical expression", accelerate the unification policy, implemented in 1871 - aprocess similar to that of German unification .It was the consolidation of the policy of nationalities.
With the Congress of Vienna (1815), Italy was divided, waking up the national feeling for unification. The first to preach the national liberation were the Carbonari, Italians who met secretly in the huts of charcoal burners.
The Congress of Vienna divided Italy in seven absolutist states dominated by Austrian, French and the Pope.
Of the various unifying currents that emerged in Italy, they stood out the characterrepublican , Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), andmonarchist , led by Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861). The latter advocated national unity around the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, independent, industrial-progressive, governed by Victor Emanuel II and the Minister Cavour Conde , who transformed the newspaper monarchist Rissorgimento the big gun of unification.
Despite the most royalist force, it was the Republican Garibaldi who, with his " red shirts ", released in 1860 southern Italy and Sicflia, ruled by absolutist Bourbon Francis II.Even contrary to a royalist unit, Garibaldi abandoned the policy not to split the unification of Italian forces, favoring Victor Emmanuel II, which intensified the struggle to take Venice, belonging to Austria, and the Papal States, dominated by Pope Pius IX.
The Piedmont annexed several Italian territories to the north, under the tutelage of the Austrians, with the help of Napoleon III, and then Venice, during the War of the Seven Weeks (1866), thanks to the alliance between the Italian and the Prussians of Bismarck against Austria . At the same time, the Pope refused to hand over their territories to the Piedmont and Rome losing to the unifying, threatening to excommunicate Victor Emmanuel and his ministers.
Napoleon III had given support to the Italians at the beginning of the struggle for unification, however, before the conflict of nationalists with the pope and the pressure of French Catholics, ended by offering guarantees to the papacy, keeping troops in Rome, and obtain the commitment of Victor Emmanuel that would not invade the Catholic capital (September 1864 Convention).
In 1870, with the Franco-Prussian War, French troops left Rome to face the Germans Bismarck. Napoleon III was defeated, ending the Second French Empire. The Italians took advantage of the situation and invaded Rome, transforming it into the Italian capital. In January 1871, Victor Emmanuel transferred to Rome, completing the unifying process.Shortly after, a plebiscite consecrated the annexation, while the pope, who refused to recognize the new unified Italian state, is collected in the Vatican, considering a prisoner. The relationship between the new Italian State and the Church were difficult, constituting what is called the Roman question , which would last until 1929 when Mussolini, then Italian dictator, signed with Pope Pius XI the Lateran Treaty , which created the State Vatican.
Despite the unification they continued pending a number of issues, as well as Roman, such as the provinces of Tyrol, Trentino and Austria, where predominated the Italian population, but in the hands of the Austrians. These regions formed the irredentas provinces , claimed by Italy, which led in 1915 to enter the First World War (1914-1918) against Austria.
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Category: General history
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