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The Crusades were expeditions organized by the nobility under the Papacy of inspiration to liberate the Holy Land, that is, Palestine, whereJesus Christ was born, preached and died, the Turkish area.
These originating in Turkestan, they had converted to Islam, and one of their tribes, the occupied Seldjúlcidas in the mid-eleventh century, Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and part of Asia Minor, forbidding pilgrimages Christians.

To "save" Eastern Europe and the Holy Land Pope Urban II called the European nobility resulting in 1095 the 1st Crusade, and turned the war so common in the West, the " war against the infidels ." The Crusades, which extended until the thirteenth century, had primary motivation faith, then taste for adventure and the interest of Italian cities in encouraging trade, which already existed with Muslims.

Causes of the Crusades

Causes of the Crusades
The population of medieval Europe had deeply religious mentality; lived attached to superstitions and prophecies that foretold the end of the world.They believed that the problems that were happening were caused by the occupation of the tomb of Christ (the Holy Sepulchre in the Holy Land, and Jerusalem) by Muslims. So, in your mind, the solution to their problems was to end the Islamic power over the region.Moreover, the Church preached to the faithful who fought against land occupation Santa would be pleasing God and gaining a place in paradise.
The Crusades represented advantages for secundogênita nobility, since only the first-born would have inheritance rights over the land and the family assets. Thus, cruzadistas movements gave these nobles a chance to own land, motivating them to fight the "infidels."
The population explosion was another factor that occurred expeditions. The need for land to reduce the population pressure in Europe the beginning of movement was decisive.
Moreover, the Church wanted to reduce violence that was common in the Middle Agesand was present at parties and banquets in order to enjoy it . For this, the clergy decided to redirect that violence causes to more "useful".In case, expel the Muslims from Jerusalem.
Europeans were also interested in oriental products: spices (pepper, cloves, cinnamon, etc.), fabric, jewelry, etc.

1st Crusade (1095-1099)

Convened in France, as a holy war, by Pope Urban II. Effectively began with the departure towards Jerusalem in 1096. obtained success, they conquered the Holy Land, the principality of Antioch, and the counties of Edessa and Tripoli, getting these practically independent of the king of Jerusalem. The explorers founded several "states" in the Middle East, known then by the name of Outremer, ie "In March ". These "states" were organized according to the feudal standards.

2nd Crusade (1147-1149)

It was stimulated by St. Bernard, in view of the resumption, the Islamic, the city of Edessa.Failure only can not be considered fully, because Lisbon was eventually conquered by the Muslims crossed soldiers who left Flanders and England towards Palestine.
The result obtained there was of fundamental importance for the formation of the Kingdom of Portugal. Other than that, too, managed to conquer the Normans crossed the infidels, formerly possessions belonging to the Byzantine Empire, Corfu, Corinth and Thebes.In the Second Crusade there was that burning heat or the commitment of the first, as a consequence their forces perished in Asia Minor and who reached Palestine suffered severe defeat in 1148, when they thought to take Damascus. It was a total disaster leaving deep resentment in the West against the Eastern Empire in the face of failure.

3rd Crusade (1189-1192)

Decided by Pope Gregory VIII, this Crusade was organized after the Sultan Saladin retook Jerusalem, the Holy City. It was attended by Ricardo Heart of Leon, of England; Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, or Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Empire; and Philip Augustus of France.This Crusade became known as the Crusade of the Kings. He Frederick Barbarossa, then 67, drowned and Richard the Lionheart Saladin signed an agreement that allowed the Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem safely.

4th Crusade (1202-1204)

The Fourth Crusade had great political and religious consequences. Instead of addressing to the Holy Land that was the crux of the conflict between Christians and Muslims, he decided to move in the direction of Constantinople. The Pope Innocent III did not like this idea and banned this deviation from the original purpose, which was aimed to overthrow the Emperor Alexios III. All this because of the promise of Alexius, son of the deposed Isaac II, who promised the Crusaders good pay for aid to take over the Empire.
The emperor was overthrown, but Aleixo failed to fulfill their promises, why the Crusaders took Constantinople in 1204 and plundered their treasures. The relics of the churches were the most targeted. The Eastern Empire was divided. Flanders Baldwin was made emperor and a Latin Patriarch was named pope. This achievement Latin became a disaster because it weakened the Eastern Empire and exacerbated hatred between the Greek and Latin Christianity.

The Crusade of children (1212)

Are children and adolescents who believed they were possessed of Divine power and therefore reach with ease and success possession of Jerusalem. Crowds of children and young people left France and the Holy Roman Empire toward the coastal ports, meaning there embark toward Palestine. It had tragic end because, besides many perish on the journey, so they reached the port of Alexandria in Egypt, were sold by the merchants of Marseilles, as slaves to Muslims.

5th Crusade (1217-1221)

This Crusade was known by the complete failure that succeeded. Led first by Andrew II, King of Hungary and later by John Brienne, failed to withstand the flooding of the Nile River in Egypt, and was forced to give up their goals. It was made by Austrian, Cypriot, Syrian Franks, Frisians, Hungarians and Norwegians.It was prompted by the decision of Innocent III to take an existing Muslim fortress on the hill Tambor in Egypt.

6th Crusade (1228-1229)

The Sixth Crusade was to lead the Emperor Frederick II who left in 1227, became ill and returned. Arriving Pope Gregory IX considered him a deserter and having other reasons to antagonize him, excommunicated him. In 1228 he left again and the following year signed a treaty made with the Sultan of Egypt, obtained possession of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and a point on the coast. Jerusalem was in the hands of Christians again. However, in 1244 it was definitely lost once more. When the spirit of the Crusades was dying French King Louis IX led a disastrous expedition against Egypt. He was arrested and an attack in Tunis in 1270 was killed.

7th Crusade (1248-1250)

It was organized from Innocent IV preaching done in the Council of Lyons (1245). He had by Commander Louis IX of France. Also faced problems with the flooding of the Nile, where she struggled and was eliminated by typhus.Louis IX eventually captured in defeat he suffered in Mansura and his supporters, to get it back, submitted to pay a heavy ransom of 500,000 gold coins.

8th Crusade (1270)

It was also led by Louis IX. The situation in the Middle East had become much more complicated than in any other period prior to the other Crusades. Existing Christian religious orders in the region to defend and assist the pilgrims were in a disagreement with the other.The Turks found, and disunited, facing the threat of another powerful enemy: the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan. On the other hand, Christians were being attacked and driven toward the Mediterranean Sea by seldjúcidas Muslims, or Mamelukes of Egypt.No sooner had landed in Tunis, Louis IX died due to plague. Because, among other things, their selflessness, Louis IX, later became known as St. Louis.

Conclusion

Considering the cross-goals were a failure.They have not captured permanently the Holy Land. Not sure to have avoided the advance of Islam. The cost was very expensive in lives and property.
It is believed however that the cross-led growth in Europe, especially in the trade of the cities in the north of Italy and the great trade route of the Alps and the Rhine grew in importance.The rich civilization of the East contributed to the enrichment of European culture.
Throughout Europe there was an improvement of intellectual development. The theological development through scholasticism developed. The Church has seen many popular religious movements. Universities have developed. Great development in the vernacular and artistic literature. Europe in the period of the Crusades woke up and lit compared to previous centuries
Text Written by Professor Patricia Barboza da Silva Licensed by the Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG.
Bibliographic references:
FERREIRA, José Roberto Martins, History. Sao Paulo: FTD; 1997. 
MORAES, José Geraldo. Way of Civilizations.Sao Paulo: Current. 1994.
To understand the Second World War , we have to know the reasons, and some of them came from the First World War , one can say that the 2nd World War is the continuation of the 1st World War, one that we believe the most important was the Treaty of Versailles.
World War II began in mid-September 1939 and would be the greatest catastrophe caused by man throughout our history.

The facts


The humiliation suffered by Germany with the Versailles Treaty creates the ideal conditions for the germination of National Socialism -Nazism - German and Hitler's rise to power in 1933. The National Socialists take power by violence, eliminates internal dissensions with violent methods and combat the division of the world produced by the 1st War, when world markets are shared between France, Belgium, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Japan and the United States.
The German policy leaves no doubt as to the wishes of Hitler: coal and iron Siberia; the oil of Rumania and the Caucasus; wheat Ukraine.And especially, the reordering of the colonial world.
World reaction to Nazism - Western powers have a dubious position in relation to Nazism.Presentiment the danger posed by Hitler, but allow the growth of Nazi Germany as a way of blocking the Soviet Union. The invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, by troops and German planes, not surprising Europe. All are waiting for the war.
Axis origins - Italy and Germany have similar political regimes, but what most approaches is the limited territorial space available to themand the fierce competition for international markets. In the period after the 1st War, some nations are favored internationally. It is the case of the United Kingdom and France, of vast colonial empires owners; US, advancing rapidly in contention for the world market; and the Soviet Union, rich in natural resources and accelerated development process. Already Germany, Italy and Japan are situated in an area of 4 million square kilometers and have a population of the United Kingdom and the United States combined. Thus, Japan will dominate Asia; Italy occupies Albania and Abyssinia (Ethiopia); Germany militarized the Rhineland in 1936 and annexed Austria in 1938.
At the Munich Conference in 1938, attended byFrance, Germany, Italy and England, Hitler gets the cession of the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia region). The following year, the German Führer creates the protectorate of Bohemia and annexed the Lithuanian port of Memel in March Baltic. Stalin realizes that the German annexations go toward the Soviet Union and firm with Hitler the German-Soviet in 1939 by which annexed Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and part of Poland and Finland.

World War Causes

diplomatic

Almost all historians agree that the deeper diplomatic cause of the Second World War has its origin in the Treaty of Versailles, signed between the victorious powers of World War I (United States, Britain, France) and Overdue (Germany and Austria) .
Germany is seen stripped of Alsace-Lorraine (who had won the Franco-Prussian war of 1870), and had to give Poland a strip of territory that gave him access to Baltimore Sea (called the "Polish Corridor"). The German city of Danzig would the control of the League of Nations and the territory of Saarland, rich in coal was granted for a period of 15 years to France. It was also forbidden to Germany have a superior army to 100,000 men demanded the demilitarization of the Rhineland (Border region with France), as well as the dismantling of fortifications located 50 km from the Rhine.He saw himself compelled to deliver all merchant vessels whose tonnage exceeded 1,600 tons and yield cattle, coal, locomotives, wagons, submarine cables, etc.
The amount of his debt to the allies was fixed in Bologne Conference (June 21, 1920) at 269 billion gold marks to be paid in 42 annual payments. could not develop warfare research have submarines or perform military projects (airplanes, guns, etc.). The old Austro-Hungarian Empire was desfixada in Bologne Conference (June 21, 1920) at 269 billion gold marks to be paid in 42 annual payments. could not develop warfare research have submarines or perform military projects (airplanes, guns, etc.). The old Austro-Hungarian Empire was dismembered by the Treaty of Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye, where he had to deliver the South Tyrol to Italy, to recognize the independence of Hungary, Techcoslováquia, Poland and Yugoslavia, Poland and Yugoslavia, as well to him it is sealed the union with Germany. Austria was forbidden to have a superior army to 30,000 men.
These penalties imposed by the victors have become a source of bitter resentments, which were easily exploited by the extreme nationalist right (Nazi and helmets-of- steel , which begin to proliferate in Germany in 1919).
The great mistake of the Versailles Treaty was to have deeply hurt the national feeling of the Germans, and on the other hand, do not have them deleted industrial potential.
With its 65 million inhabitants and its military tradition, Germany would inevitably claim its place in the list of European powers. The bourgeois diplomats have forgotten the lesson of the Congress of Vienna (1815), when Napoleon's winners did not seek to humiliate France, the most populous nation in Western Europe at that time.
This contradiction between demographic and industrial potential and not diplomatic recognition of a special status for Germany, ended up making the rise of Hitler possible.
The new defensive system: the Western allies, particularly France, to stimulate the emergence of new national states in Central Eastern Europe, aimed at replacing Russia (then in full civil war) as a deterrent to any German assault . Czechoslovakia and Poland signed treaties of mutual defense with France and England, it was expected that both countries oblige the Germans to fight on two fronts - as occurred during the First World War - if they tried to repeat the 1914 error. France in turn, began building the "Maginot Line" a complex defensive system that started from the Swiss border to a complex defensive system that started from the Swiss border to Belgium. Thus it is hoping to avoid a surprise attack by its powerful neighbor. But the moral and psychological effects of this attitude, they stripped him of any offensive alternative, merely having to act if the Germans do first.
England, in the interwar period , it became increasingly conciliatory, sure of being an island and to have the most powerful naval fleet in the world giving you enough protection if there was a new conflict. The United States back in the twenties to adopt isolationist policy, not wanting to get involved in quarrels of European countries. These ambiguities and defencists attitudes would be cleverly exploited by Hitler in the late thirties.

economic

The economic crisis that befalls the world capitalist system from 1929 will be the most powerful factor for a new power arrangement on a global scale is claimed.
The crisis led the capitalist countries to take protectionist measures to save the domestic markets from foreign imports, causing a real price war. The world production was reduced by 40%, while the reduction of iron reached 60%, the steel 58%, oil 13% and 29% coal.
Unemployment raged in the major industrialized countries: 11 million in the United States, 6 million in Germany, 2 million and a half of England and a slightly higher number in France. Not far from the truth the fact have caused distress and unemployment at over 70 million people (counting their dependents). As the economy was already sufficiently internationalized (with theexception of the Soviet Union that launched the Five-Year Plans) all continents have been achieved, further increasing poverty and unemployment. The Latin America for example had to reduce by 40% and imports fell by 17% in exports.
It is in this chaotic context that Germany in the West and Japan in the East will try to exploit the weakening of its rivals. A new struggle for markets and new sources of raw materials would lead the world into World War II.

policies

The chaotic external environment and the internal situation of desperation lead Hitler to power in Germany in 1933. Working relentlessly, in less than a year stifled all opposition movements (Social Democrats, Communists and liberals) beginning the "National Socialist Revolution" which aimed to make Germany return to the level of European power. Of course, for such it was necessary to break with the Treaty of Versailles, as it prevented the conquest of "living space" as rearmament. Softened up unemployment and catered to the needs of the powerful financial and industrial bourgeoisie of Germany. To avoid the unwillingness of the Western powers, Hitler put up as anti-communism champion the world by signing with Japan (November 1936) and Italy (January 1937) the Pact Anti-Comintern - the purpose of which is increase the isolation of the USSR and, where possible, to attack it.
Japan, which also involves serious internal upheavals, opened in 1931, an aggressive foreign policy, exploiting the weakness of European empires Colonial showing powerless to overcome the economic crisis. In 1937, after having occupied the rich Manchuria region, invade the rest of the Chinese territory, beginning the long conflict in Asia. Your expansionism will end up colliding with the American interests in Asia (Philippines) and lead to war against the United States.

Conclusion

The causes for the start of the Second World War did not escape the common reasons for starting a fight between children or between two football teams at the end of championship.
The humiliation of a people of a story, the little case towards a nation needs the will to take advantage of the next frankness, shame, are reasons that the hand of countries leaders can result in real tragedies for humanity.
The humiliation suffered by Germany in the Treaty of Versailles created the ideal conditions for the germination of the ideal of war and Hitler's rise to power, only facilitated the start of the event that would have global repercussions.
Facts like this should be taken as examples for new future occasions where no leader or people should be underestimated or humiliated and where understanding and agreements must prevail for the good of all.

Bibliography

Ernest Mandel and his opinion. Historian and economist late. He was professor at the University of Brussels and was a prisoner of a Nazi labor camp during the war.
Implemented gradually since 1926, the policy of apartheid has explosive ethnic conflicts, cultural, political and social of South Africa, provoking intense condemnation by world opinion.
Apartheid means " separation " in Afrikaans (South African language made ​​up of Dutch seventeenth century mixed with other European languages ​​and at least two African).It is the name given to the South African legislation by which the ruling class of white descendants of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) began to exert complete control over the state and national society, only granting access to citizenship to other whites, Asians ( three percent) and mestizos (nine percent), the latter two groups in terms almost expressionless.

Apartheid, so it was not a mere racism , because it constituted a social, economic, political and constitutional system that was intended to stop the ethnic integration in South Africa.
From the political point of view, apartheid created a kind of white aristocracy based on a rigid hierarchy of racial castes, for which there was a direct relationship between skin color and the possibilities of access to citizenship and property.
Blacks (seventy percent) had no right to vote or representatives in the legislature. Also it was denied the right to urban property; marriage or sexual intercourse with white partner;circulating outside the defined territories for its occupation by the government (except with special passes); and to exercise offices, positions or professions were not consenting authorities.
black movement for democratic constitutional law during apartheid.
black movement for democratic constitutional law during apartheid.
The ideological legitimation of the superiority of the "volk" (people) Boer was promoted by the Dutch Reformed Church, which he attributed to God the choice of the Afrikaner as dominant.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the perversity ofApartheid was expanded:. The main black leaders who fought against the regime were brutally persecuted or killed Nelson Mandela , the main black leader, was imprisoned between 1962 and 1990. Steve Biko, another leader too important, he was arrested, violently tortured and murdered after several interrogations in prison in 1977. opposition parties to the racist regime, as the ANC - African National Congress - Nelson Mandela, were considered illegal and banned.
Bantustans: Bophuthatswana, Sale, Transkei and Ciskei
Bantustans: Bophuthatswana, Sale, Transkei and Ciskei


The perversity of the racist South African government were constantly improved. The government has to implement a geographic segregation system whereby blacks would be restricted to small autonomous territories within South Africa, Bantustans , often poor areas with no infrastructure.
In the cities, the neighborhoods were separated: the rich and middle class neighborhoods were for whites; the poor and slum neighborhoods, with poor conditions were for the black majority and mestizo and were called Townships .

APARTHEID END

In the 1980s, international and domestic opposition pressure began to shake the racist South African regime. The country suffered UN political and economic sanctions and was even forbidden to participate in sporting events like the World Cup and the Olympics.
Internally, they have widened the conflict between the forces of repression and the black majority and the country came to the brink of civil war. In the late 80s, he came to power Frederik De Klerk's National Party. The white minority, pressed, was forced to make concessions. Apartheid was coming to an end.
Finally, Nelson Mandela was released after nearly three decades of suffering and resistance. Free, he negotiated with the white minority pacification of the country and the establishment of a true democracy.
The year 1994 was a milestone for South Africa and for humanity: there were the first free elections and Nelson Mandela, the ANC - African National Congress, was the big winner.Between 1994 and 1999, Mandela held a government of national reconciliation and successful.
The new administration invested heavily in order to reduce poverty among the black majority and mestizo, intensifying the actions in health, education and land reform. However, Mandela inherited a country with deep social and racial inequalities. In the 1999 elections, Mandela left power and made her vice-president Thabo Mbeki to take his successor.Mbeki was elected president by an absolute majority of votes.
The white minority still has country standard of living developed and controls much of the economy. Despite the formation of a black middle class, most still is in poverty. About 40% of the black population is unemployed.Crime rates, including against women through rape, are among the world's largest.Overcoming social differences between whites, coloreds and blacks is a task for years of government.