Socialism and Liberalism
Socialism and Democracy
The socialism in its intellectual origins, was not a political theory but an economic theory. More precisely, a theory that sought to reorganize industrial society. The first socialist ideologues - those that Engels called "utopian socialists" - simply were not about political institutions.
Socialism only politicized with Marx, who blew the critique of economic liberalism with revolutionary and egalitarian tradition ofcommunism .
Marx never valued the civil rights (of expression, profession, association, etc.). On the contrary, even condemn them, seeing them as mere instrument of class exploitation.Marxist socialism, and especially practiced by communist regimes, has always reflected this disregard for civil rights.
In Lenin, Marx indifference to civil liberty becomes real hostility to civil and political rights. Today, no one doubts that the communist regimes, no one can, or tries to make compatible socialism and democracy.
To make compatible socialism and democracy, socialism must renounce economic dirigisme, the domination of the whole economy by the state. That was what made social democracy, since his first experiences in Scandinavia.They understood that the political dirigisme causes inefficiency and despotism, as it concentrates all major economic decisions in the hands of those who already have the political command. This autonomy in the socialist sphere was never accepted by Marxists, although Trotsky was observed that after the industrial growth, the quality of production is beyond the reach of bureaucratic control of the economy.
social Democracy
Kolakowski based his conception of social democracy in some values and general rules that can be summarized as follows:
1) Adherence to democratic and constitutional principles of open society;
2) Search of equality, through the "State protection" that meets the basic needs of the population, care of old age and disease and promote, in a climate of freedom, equal opportunities;
3) official orientation of the economy;
4) Recognition of the impossibility of making fully compatible the necessary planning and desirable autonomy.
Social democracy was losing ground to modern liberalism , among other reasons, as a result of the revolt against the current world economic statism. On the other hand, the economic recession and unemployment in several European countries have made the Social Democrats away from their union bases.
In England, for example, the victory of Margaret Thatcher was largely a result of the working class rebellion against the austere and statist policies of the Social Democrats. In practice, the Social Democrats were forced to negotiation between employers and workers, which represented the recognition of the interests of capital, betraying their social-Marxist origins.
Revival of liberalism
"A conservative," said Irving Kristol, "is merely a liberal mugged by reality." In reality it is not so.The liberal word used today to cover different behaviors and political thoughts.
At other times, liberalism was on the defensive because the unjust liberal regimes were compared with the socialist ideal of freedom and justice. But after the Second World War, when socialism of Stalin was established authoritatively, the ills of socialist reality became more visible. Liberalism went on the offensive in theoretical work of universities and thinkers because socialism is far from clean l hands and heart light.
Remember Dahrendorf that Liberal rarely need to be ashamed of the realities created on their behalf. Or, when you need, it left the comfort of checking that his leftist opponents have more skeletons in the closet.
Modern society technified and consumerist, not only requires justice: also requires efficiency; and efficiency, in turn, entails economic freedom.
Neoliberalism Hayek has scored a lot of points in denouncing economic statism, for example, when referring to the great expansion of state enterprises.
It is unrealistic, however, when you think that the state can help direct the finances or plan the economy. Important is that it does not control. In his famous book The Road to Serfdom, Hayek raised the argument that the involvement of the state in society and the economy, even by isolated interventions, would in the long run, in totalitarianism. However, after nearly fifty years since World War II, we see that Hayek was wrong. In the West and in Japan, the State's action helped prevent totalitarianism. The state sometimes assistance, contributed decisively to neutralize authoritarian socialist political movements.
In Brazil, we at the same time, state and other state less. Further in the economy, where the state gets stuck, wasting, costly and clutters.Less, social, which are blatant and inadmissible so many needs in health, education and housing. So there is often a dialogue of the deaf: a liberal hand forget, condemning the action of the State must be pointed out our tremendous needs in the health care field; on the other, those who call themselves advocates "social" condemn all liberal positions.
Modern Social Liberalism
The modern social liberalism, PL doctrine should not only mean less state; especially means more freedom. And the restrained state can be a powerful tool to promote freedom for all.
Keynes, who both turned economic liberalism, refused to accept either the Leninist option (sacrifice democracy to end capitalism) as a fascist (sacrifice democracy to save capitalism). But some liberals are cold on democratic fervor. Hayek, for example, come to think of alternatives that acted on the basis of liberal principles. For neoliberalism right, economic freedom, and necessary, it is sufficient.
Our best liberalism should not be a permanent state of fear; is yes - and with increasing force - seek to limit state action to its real goals. This is social liberalism that defends PL.
Liberalism with social concerns is the only current political doctrine that deeply serious about the democratic ideal in the word strict sense of the people's government. The socialism of state say they are democratic, but no one would dare say that practiced democracy as form of government. The social liberal democracy is really democracy, varying only in the degree of its democratic content.The liberal argument does not need to escape reality; but the socialist anti-liberalism can only be based on idealism and always remade promises and postponed a paradise of freedom.
Freedom and equality
The true liberal democracy has two passions - Rousseau's passions: freedom and equality.Around 1850 or 60, understood to equal according to the merits of each. Already denned Rui Barbosa that true equality was to be unequally allocate to each, to the extent that desigualam. Since then, tends to impose an "egalitarian" view of equality. All are equal.
At the same time, freedom wins a libertarian version that has anarchy in its natural horizon.
This is the biggest challenge that liberalism has and will face. Socialism, liberalism just need to fear the power, not the power to convince, because it is very worn. However, in our societies increasingly permissive and reivindicatórias, liberalism is not completely safe from internal perversion of his own mind: the old noble spirit of equality.
Liberalism
Current ideas or set of political beliefs that are focused primarily on the protection and preservation of individual freedoms in society.Liberal ideas began to take shape in the 16th and 17th centuries, a time of struggle for religious tolerance in the national states, which then formed. According to liberalism, religion is a private matter and is not a function of the state to impose a belief any citizens. This current of ideas turned into political doctrine characterized by the limitation of state powers.Its borders for the first liberal theorists such asLocke , are defined by respect for the natural rights of individuals. Around 1800, liberalism came to be associated with free market ideas and laissez-faire, mainly to decrease the state's role in the economic sphere.
This trend was reversed in the late 19th century, with the emergence of 'new liberalism' (as distinct from what is now known as 'neoliberalism'), committed to reform - albeit limited - of society and legislation aimed at social aspects. Both perspectives are present in contemporary debates. Some, like Hayek, report to the ideas of classical economics of the 18th century; others maintain the principles of mixed economy and welfare state. Despite these disagreements, liberals have in common the valuation of individual freedoms at the expense of increase of state power. Liberals are active advocates of constitutional government, civil rights and privacy protection.
The triumph of Liberalism
The first half of the nineteenth century will prove to be a particularly busy period of socio-political point of view. First the chaos produced by the French invasions; after the oppressive role of English presence; then the triumph of Liberalism 1 in 1820. However, peace was still far. The return of absolutism with Miguel and the Civil War hard mark this season. Liberalism restored, will be the struggles between Setembristas and Chartists until 1851.
The new political regime left the Revolution of 1820 had serious difficulties to deploy. The Old Regime Homesick lurked the opportunity. And it comes with the death of King John VI and the impasse of succession to the throne.Absolutist forces give the signal in the north of the country. And in June 1826 Marshal troops Alvaro Póvoas are near Pombal, but they do not fight with the liberal forces Refoios. Miguel returned from exile in Austria in 1828 and absolutism is reset. Liberals will be subjected to severe persecution.
We have some examples in Pombal, whose route we can follow. This is the case of Gerardo Antonio da Costa, of Abiúl more properly the Casal de S. Vicente - adheres readily to Liberalism in 1820 and played a few positions. In 1822 the press area of the clergy in order to persuade the faithful in the virtues of the new system. Five years later is Lieutenant of Militias of Lousã, having fought against the absolutist forces brigadier António da Silveira. With the triumph of absolutism, was arrested in 1828, walk chain chain, only being released from Vila Viçosa chain after the triumph of liberalism in 1834.
Other resistant Absolutism were not so lucky.Let us quote some way of example - the captain José Joaquim Xavier Tavares, who died in 1830; Sergeant José Gonçalves also killed during the Miguelismo; Ensign Manuel Godinho Valdez, arrested during Absolutism as the Lieutenant Vicente Godinho Valdez; José das Neves, dies in prison; the pharmacist John Fortunato Monteiro stuck in chains of Lemon Tree, the ratio of Porto and Lamego; Joaquim Lourenço, imprisoned for five years.
The liberal struggles have left irreparable hatred marks.
The restoration of Liberalism will now mark the persecution of Absolutism fans. This is the case of John Gaudencio, supporter of Don Miguel, owner of a two-storey house on the street of Rio and fled the country when Miguel goes into exile.
The Abiúl provider considers to be only "a half dozen individuals who forão setarios the Uzurpador."
The involvement of some ecclesiastics proves is also the arrest of Father Jose Cruz, confessor of Louriçal Convent on 11 October 1836, or suspension of Abiúl parish priest, Francisco da Costa in April of the same year.The situation is tense it is proven by repeated Abiúl Provider offices to the Civil Governor between January and August 1835, at intervals of 3 to 4 days, stating that the population is quiet ...
Consolidated Liberalism, will now be the struggle between the faction and setembrista Chartist. Thus, in 1837, during the Revolt of the Marshals, the viscount setembristas heads of Sa da Bandeira and Bonfim Baron gather forces in Pombal to go south to meet the rebels Saldanha and Third threatening Lisbon.
The Constitutional Charter is abolished in 1837 and restored the Constitution of 1822. Promptly Pombal Chamber makes its acclaim and have "lock the previous Auto, in which they had hailed the Charter abolished; and EFFECT thus practiced so that it becomes illegivel not he possible extrahir of him the required certificate. "
But 5 years oped in February 1842, the authorities pombalenses aclamarão again the Constitutional Charter after Costa Cabral hit.Tell yourself, by the way, which however, Freemasonry met in Pombal field to extend. In 1839 it worked one Masonic lodge of the Grand Orient Lusitano in Pombal.
The Costa Cabral reforms will inflame popular passions. On 30 April 1846, the mayor of St. Simon of Litém holds John Castanheira, for incitement to revolt.
I was currently taking place Maria da Fonte that would lead to the fall of Costa Cabral. But the excitement will continue with Patuleia. The first 6 months of 1847 are quite agitated by new rebellion against Chartism. Pombal County Administrator betrays their fear through regular correspondence with the Civil Government. The guerrilla Antonio priest stirs the next municipalities. Because there are communication difficulties, the County Administrator will provide the account of events in Pedrogão Grande, Figueiró Wine, Apples D. Mary, Couce Floor, Alvaiázere, Ansião, Penela and Espite. It is attentive to suspicious movements. Pombal run including letters to any 'patuleias "of neighboring counties. The moment of greatest tension lives in mid-May, as fears that the guerrillas between Pombal, for requesting reinforcements. Despite lived for months voltage Pombal goes unscathed.
On 24 June the Gramido Convention puts an end to Patuleia and July 16 is celebrated the victory - "the day daquelle break of dawn, will rise to more than a few fire girandolas large areas accompanied d'a volley of 21 shots, and peals of sinnos, seguio is the same at noon, in the booklet of the sun - Ace 5 afternoon Oras, riunirão the Parochial Church, the ecclesiastical body and the civil authorities, and Administrative, his subordinates, and more citizens of probity and merit d'this said Villa, and Council summoned by that municipality to one another commulativam.te with m.ma, fazião a numerossa assemblea: suggesting is a concerted and well solemn Te Deum in thanksgiving Laudemus the Supreme Being by victory achieved: concluding the regosijo that well manifested in phisionomias Citizens Leães with a expontanea eluminação, reçoando in deferent principal points of the predicted Villa, living His Mag.e the Queen and the Constitutional Charter.
the conditions are met so that Costa Cabral returns to the government. But for a short time because the Saldanha Duke of revolt will depose him definitely. The Louriçal is the first House to greet the new regenerator system, especially in the initiative João Antonio Ferrao bachelor who will move to direct the Council as Administrator.
Socialism
Broad perspective policy that defends the planning and regulation aware of social life, according to collective or general goals (as opposed, for example, the liberal principles of the pursuit of individual benefits). The term is also used to designate the political regimes or forms of social and economic organization based on these ideas, which typically involve the limitation of private ownership of means of production. As a political and ideological current, covers a wide range of positions, from communism at one extreme, to social democracy (currently, a kind of "moderate socialism") on the other, and is therefore difficult to define precisely.
It is easier to characterize it in terms of what it opposes, namely capitalism. This, in the eyes of the Socialists, enrich the Company's shareholders at the expense of the work (if not poverty) of the dispossessed classes; no warranty to the poor and sacrifice the welfare of society in the interests of private profit. The vast majority of socialists advocated common ownership of productive assets, whether in state or as property of the same workers (for example in trade unionism). Additionally, the Socialists often preached the replacement of the market economy by some form of planned economy, with the goal of creating a socially responsible industry, facing the collective and able to provide better quality of life needs.
They also insisted on the need to reduce social inequalities and to respond to the needs of the poorest segments of the population (in theform, for example, the welfare state). One issue that generated strong dissensions among the Socialists was the way it should take place the transition from capitalism to socialism: is through revolutionary methods or gradually, through parliamentary methods. The first is presented and defended by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto (1848); the second, by the German socialist Edward Bernstein (1850-1932), in Socialism Evolutionary (1898).
Such debates have been, in recent years, partly overshadowed by the more vital question of the viability or not of socialism as an alternative to capitalism. Many western socialists currently opt for social democracy;others, the market socialism. In developing countries, where distortions, crises and contradictions of capitalism appear with greater intensity, the traditional socialist aspirations are still considered today by many leaders and intellectuals, though with increasing revaluation of the methods and goals of the past.
Market socialism
socialism in a way that combines the common ownership of productive assets with the extensive use of market mechanisms in the economy. This doctrine was presented in the 30 and 40 by theorists Oskar Lange and Abba P. Lerner. It was intended to allow the company could benefit from the efficiency advantages of the market economy with regard to economic efficiency, while to distribute income more fairly than under capitalism (for example, converting private enterprises in workers' cooperatives). These ideas have been repeatedly proposed by current reformers in Eastern Europe and occasionally implemented (as in Yugoslavia and Hungary). Also in China, recently, there was a similar movement: the responsibility for agriculture, for example, it was transferred from collective farms to family. In most socialist countries in a planned economy, the complete absence or prohibition of market economy practices eventually led to the formation or increase of an informal sector or a parallel market.
Utopian socialism
Frustrated: The French Revolution established the motto liberty, equality and fraternity. The Socialists said that none of this was achieved.There would be equality in a society so divided between rich and poor. The freedom that existed was the market with the free bourgeois to exploit the worker. After all that, fraternity between social classes would be a joke.
In the early nineteenth century, many writers and reformers considered industrialism as the cause of the difficulties and sufferings of the working class. Socialists like Robert Owen (1771-1858), Britain, Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and Count Saint-Simon (1760-1825), France, presented several proposals in order to establish communities with economic conditions and social ideals. Owen and Fourier followers established cooperatives that have existed for some time. These socialists were often called utopian. This term comes from the book Utopia (1516) written by English statesman Thomas More. Utopia describes an ideal society that provides equality and justice for all.
Scientific socialism
The origin
The Scientific Socialism was developed in the nineteenth century by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It also receives, for obvious reasons, the name of Socialism Marxist. It breaks with the Utopian Socialism to present a critical analysis of the political and economic reality, the evolution of history, societies and capitalism. Marx and Engels extol the utopian for its pioneering, but advocate a more practical and direct action against capitalism through the revolutionary proletarian class organization. To formulate their theories Marx was influenced by Hegel and utopian socialist.
Base and superstructure
According to Marx the infrastructure, how was the economic base of society determines the superstructure which is divided into ideological (political ideas, religious, moral, philosophical) and political (state, police, army, laws, courts).So the vision we have of the world and our psychology are a reflection of the economic base of our society. The ideas that emerged throughout history are explained by companies in which his mentors was inserted. They are from the needs of social classes of the time.
Dialectic
The dialectic is opposed to metaphysics and idealism completely. Engels and Marx "take the 'rational kernel' of Hegel, but reject his idealistic part giving it a modern scientific".The dialectical mode of thought argues that no phenomenon will be understood if considered in isolation, independent of others. They are processes and not perfect and finished things;They are in constant motion, transformation, development and renovation and not in stagnation and immutability. The world can not be understood as a set of prefabricated things, but rather as a complex process. These three phases are: thesis, antithesis and synthesis.The contradiction of the first two (thesis and antithesis) comes third (negation of negation), which represents a higher stage. This, in turn, is denied, new emerging one synthesis and so on. It is important to remember that the antithesis is not the destruction of the thesis, as if it were there would be no progress. The resulting development process with the previous accumulation of quantitative changes, presents evident qualitative changes.Thus we see that the development does not follow a circular motion, but progressive and upward, going from lower to higher.
Class struggle
The history of man is the history of class struggle. For Marx the historical evolution is given by the irreconcilable antagonism between the social classes of each society.Thus the slave (slave masters - slaves), in feudalist (feudal lords - servants) and so is the capitalist (bourgeoisie - proletariat). Among the classes of every society there is a constant struggle for opposing interests, erupting in civil war declared or not. In capitalist society, which Marx and Engels analyzed more intrinsically social division resulted from the ownership of means of production by a group of people (bourgeois) and other expropriated group having only your body and work capacity (proletarians). These are therefore forced to work for the bourgeois. Workers are economically exploited and the bosses get profits through added value.
Alienation
Capitalism has alienated worker, that is, separated him from his means of production (their land, tools, machines, etc.). These now belong to the ruling class, the bourgeoisie.Thus, in order to survive, the worker is forced to rent their labor power to the bourgeois class, receiving a salary for this rental. As there are more people than jobs, leading to excess demand, the proletariat must accept, for its labor force, a value set by your boss. If you deny, thinking it's just a farm, the boss snaps his fingers and thousands of others appear in search of employment. So is to accept or starve. With the sale refuses the employee the power to discuss labor policies, and are excluded from management decisions.
Surplus Value
Suppose the light worker 2h to make a pair of shoes. During this period it produces enough to pay for your work. However, it remains longer in the factory, producing more than one pair of shoes and getting the equivalent of making one. In an 8-hour workday, for example, 4 pairs are produced. The cost of each pair remains the same, as well as the salary of the proletarian. With that he works 6 hours for free, reducing the cost and increasing the income of the boss. This value the most is appropriated by the capitalist and constitutes what Marx calls Absolute Surplus Value. In addition to the workers stay longer in the factory the boss can increase productivity with the application of technology. Thus the worker produces more, but his salary does not increase. Arises Relative Surplus Value.
Spending Boss
cost of 1 pair of shoes in the 2-hour working day
means of production = R $ 100 salary = R $ 20
TOTAL = R $ 120
Spent the Boss
Cost of 1 pair of shoes in 8-hour workday
means of production = R $ 100 x 4 = R $ 400 salary = R $ 20
TOTAL = R $ 420/4 = R $ 105
Thus, the pair of shoes still worth R $ 120, but the cost of the boss fell at $ 15 per pair produced. At the end of the working day the workers received R $ 20, but yielded triple the capitalist. It is the capitalist exploitation. It's fact.
materialism history
For Marx the root of a society is how the social production of goods is organized. This includes the productive forces and production relations. The productive forces are the land, the production techniques, the instruments of labor, raw materials and machinery. Finally, the forces that contribute to the development of production. The relations of production are the modes of organization among men to carry out the production. The current ones are capitalists, but as an example we can also mention the slavers and cooperatives. In the process of creating goods establishes a relation between people. Capitalists, owners of means of production (machinery, tools, etc.), and the proletariat, which has only its workforce, establish among themselves social working relationship. The way the productive forces organize and develop within this working relationship Marx called production mode. The study of this is crucial to understanding the functioning of a society.From the moment that the relations of production begin to hinder the development of the productive forces it creates conditions for a social revolution that would generate new social relations of production freeing the productive forces for the development of production.
The last stage
Marx says that the story follows certain immutable laws as you progress from one stage to another. Each stage is characterized by struggles that lead to a higher stage of development, and communism the last and highest. The key to understanding the stages of development is the relationship between the different classes of individuals in the production of goods. He claimed that the owner of wealth is the ruling class because it uses the economic and political power to impose their will on the people never relinquishing of power by free will and thus the struggle and revolution are inevitable. For Marx, the development of capitalism, the intermediate classes of society are disappearing and the class structure will be polarizing more and more. Alienation and misery increase progressively.
With the help of workers' parties the proletariat will become increasingly aware of their struggle and its existence as a revolutionary class. Therefore these parties would not have the paper just to win votes and satisfy personal interests but to educate and warn workers. The international perspective will most importance at the expense of extreme nationalism. Sooner or later the proletarian revolution will succeed, with the objective conditions and the subjective disposition coinciding. With the successive economic crises of capitalism its crisis will worsen and the approaching end of the crisis. The post-capitalist society was not entirely defined by Marx. He said that such a discussion would be idealistic and unrealistic.Pondered just after the revolution install would be a dictatorship of the proletariat. Companies, factories, mines, land would pass to the control of the working people, and not to the state, as many think and how pseudocomunistas leaders did. Capitalist property is extinguished.The production would not be market-oriented, but aimed to meet the population's needs.
Socialism, as this phase is called, must be deeply democratic. The state would naturally dissolving. But Marx says: "bringing the birthmarks of the old society, the newborn will be limited society in many ways, the legacy of the old capitalist society." After socialism superior phase would develop: communism.The state would disappear definitely, because its only role is to maintain the passive proletariat and perpetuate their exploitation.The class distinction also cease to exist, everyone would be socially equal and men no more subordinariam to men. The society would be based on the collective good of the means of production, with all the people being absolutely free and finally being able to live peacefully and prosperity.
Please Share
Category: General history
0 komentar